Sachin G. Chavan (1,2,*), Zhong-Hua Chen (1,3), Oula Ghannoum (1), Christopher I. Cazzonelli (1) thiab David T. Tissue 1,2)
1. National Vegetable Protected Cropping Center, Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney
University, Xauv Hnab 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia; z.chen@westernsydney.edu.au (Z.-HC); o.ghannoum@westernsydney.edu.au (OG); cazzonelli@westernsydney.edu.au (CIC); d.tissue@westernsydney.edu.au (DTT)
2. Ntiaj teb no Center for Land Based Innovation, Hawkesbury Campus, Western Sydney University,
Richmond, NSW 2753, Australia
3. School of Science, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
* Sau ntawv: s.chavan@westernsydney.edu.au; Tel.: +61-2-4570-1913
Abstract: Kev tiv thaiv qoob loo muaj txoj hauv kev los txhawb kev tsim khoom noj khoom haus thaum lub ntsej muag hloov pauv huab cua
thiab xa zaub mov noj qab nyob zoo nrog tsawg cov peev txheej. Txawm li cas los xij, ua kom txoj kev ua liaj ua teb no
economically siv tau, peb yuav tsum xav txog cov xwm txheej ntawm kev tiv thaiv qoob loo nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm muaj
technologies thiab cov hom phiaj horticultural qoob loo. Qhov kev tshuaj xyuas no qhia txog cov cib fim uas twb muaj lawm
thiab cov kev cov nyom uas yuav tsum tau hais los ntawm kev tshawb fawb tsis tu ncua thiab kev tsim kho tshiab hauv qhov zoo siab no tab sis
complex teb nyob Australia. Cov chaw ua liaj ua teb sab hauv tsev tau dav categorized rau hauv peb qhov hauv qab no
theem ntawm kev nce qib technological: qis-, nruab nrab- thiab high-tech nrog cov kev sib tw sib xws
uas xav tau kev daws teeb meem tshiab. Tsis tas li ntawd, kev txwv ntawm cov nroj tsuag sab hauv tsev loj hlob thiab tiv thaiv
Kev cog qoob loo (xws li cov nqi hluav taws xob siab) tau txwv tsis pub siv kev ua liaj ua teb sab hauv tsev rau qhov sib txawv
tsawg, cov qoob loo muaj nqis heev. Yog li ntawd, peb yuav tsum tsim cov qoob loo tshiab tsim nyog rau kev ua liaj ua teb sab hauv
uas tej zaum yuav txawv ntawm qhov yuav tsum tau rau kev qhib kev tsim khoom. Tsis tas li ntawd, tiv thaiv qoob loo
xav tau cov nqi pib ua haujlwm siab, kev ua haujlwm kim kim, kev siv lub zog siab, thiab cov kab tsuag tseem ceeb
thiab kev tswj kab mob thiab kev tswj kom zoo. Zuag qhia tag nrho, kev tiv thaiv qoob loo muaj kev cog lus daws teeb meem
rau kev ruaj ntseg zaub mov, thaum txo cov pa roj carbon hneev taw ntawm kev tsim khoom noj. Txawm li cas los xij, rau sab hauv
qoob loo ntau lawm kom muaj kev cuam tshuam zoo rau lub ntiaj teb kev ruaj ntseg zaub mov thiab khoom noj khoom haus
kev ruaj ntseg, kev lag luam ntawm cov qoob loo sib txawv yuav yog qhov tseem ceeb.
keywords: tiv thaiv qoob loo; ntsug ua liaj ua teb; av-tsawg kab lis kev cai; qoob loo kev ua tau zoo; Kev ua liaj ua teb sab hauv tsev;
kev ruaj ntseg zaub mov; peev txheej sustainability
1. Introduction
Cov pej xeem thoob ntiaj teb tau xav tias yuav ncav cuag yuav luag 10 billion hauv 2050, nrog rau feem ntau ntawm kev loj hlob kwv yees yuav tshwm sim hauv nroog loj loj thoob plaws ntiaj teb [1,2]. Raws li cov pej xeem nce, kev tsim khoom noj yuav tsum nce thiab ua kom tau raws li kev noj haus thiab kev noj qab haus huv kev xav tau thaum tib lub sijhawm ua tiav United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UN SDGs) [3,4]. Kev poob qis hauv av thiab qhov cuam tshuam tsis zoo ntawm kev hloov pauv huab cua ntawm kev ua liaj ua teb ua rau muaj teeb meem ntxiv uas yuam kev tsim kho tshiab hauv cov txheej txheem tsim khoom noj yav tom ntej kom tau raws li qhov xav tau ntau ntxiv hauv ob peb xyoos tom ntej no. Piv txwv li, Australian ua liaj ua teb feem ntau raug rau huab cua hloov pauv thiab muaj kev cuam tshuam rau kev hloov huab cua mus sij hawm ntev. Tsis ntev los no droughts nyob rau sab hnub tuaj Australia nyob rau hauv 2018-19 thiab 2019-20 cuam tshuam kev lag luam ua liaj ua teb, yog li ntxiv rau qhov tshwm sim los ntawm kev hloov huab cua ntawm Australian kev ua liaj ua teb [5].
Kev tiv thaiv qoob loo, tseem hu ua kev ua liaj ua teb sab hauv tsev [6]—xws li los ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob qis mus rau nruab nrab-tech, ib feem ntawm cov tsev cog khoom ib puag ncig, mus rau high-tech 'ntse' glasshouses thiab cov liaj teb sab hauv - tuaj yeem pab txhim kho kev ruaj ntseg khoom noj khoom haus thoob ntiaj teb hauv 21st. xyoo pua. Txawm li cas los xij, thaum lub zeem muag ntawm ib lub nroog uas muaj kev ruaj ntseg yog qhov txaus siab raws li ib txoj hauv kev los daws cov teeb meem niaj hnub no, kev txhawb nqa ntawm kev ua liaj ua teb sab hauv tsev tsis sib haum rau cov kev sib tw tam sim no,
excitement thiab optimism ntawm nws proponents. Kev tiv thaiv qoob loo thiab kev ua liaj ua teb sab hauv tsev koom nrog kev siv thev naus laus zis thiab kev siv tshuab ua kom zoo dua qub, yog li muab cov kev daws teeb meem zoo los txhim kho cov khoom noj yav tom ntej [7]. Thoob plaws ntiaj teb, kev loj hlob ntawm kev ua liaj ua teb hauv nroog [8,9] feem ntau tshwm sim tom qab muaj kev kub ntxhov thiab / lossis mob hnyav, xws li lub teeb thiab qhov chaw txwv hauv Netherlands; lub cev qhuav dej ntawm kev lag luam hauv Detroit; kev lag luam vaj tse poob rau US East Coast; thiab Cuban missile ntsoog blockade. Lwm yam
impetuses tau tuaj nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm muaj kev lag luam, piv txwv li, tiv thaiv qoob loo proliferated nyob rau hauv Spain [10] vim hais tias ntawm lub teb chaws txoj kev yooj yim mus rau Northern European lag luam. Ua ke nrog cov kev cov nyom uas twb muaj lawm, qhov kev sib kis tsis tu ncua ntawm COVID-19 tuaj yeem muab lub zog xav tau los hloov pauv kev ua liaj ua teb hauv nroog [11].
Yog tias kev ua liaj ua teb hauv nroog tau ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev txhim kho zaub mov kev ruaj ntseg thiab tib neeg cov khoom noj khoom haus, nws yuav tsum tau ntsuas thoob plaws ntiaj teb kom nws muaj peev xwm loj hlob ntau yam ntawm cov khoom lag luam hauv ntau lub zog-, peev txheej- thiab nqi-nqi tshaj. yog tam sim no ua tau. Muaj cov cib fim muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev txhim kho qoob loo thiab kev ua tau zoo los ntawm kev sib koom ua ke kev nce qib hauv kev tswj hwm ib puag ncig, kev tswj kab tsuag, phenomics thiab automation
nrog rau kev yug me nyuam lub hom phiaj cov yam ntxwv uas txhim kho cov nroj tsuag architecture, qoob loo zoo (saj thiab khoom noj khoom haus) thiab tawm los. Ib qho kev sib txawv ntau dua ntawm cov qoob loo tam sim no thiab cov qoob loo tshwm sim piv rau cov hom qoob loo ib txwm muaj, nrog rau cov nroj tsuag tshuaj, tuaj yeem loj hlob hauv thaj chaw tswj hwm ib puag ncig [12,13].
Lub zeem muag yuav tsum tau txhim kho kev ruaj ntseg hauv nroog thiab txo cov pa roj carbon hneev taw ntawm cov zaub mov tuaj yeem hais los ntawm kev tsim kho tshiab hauv cov khoom noj khoom haus, xws li kev tiv thaiv qoob loo thiab kev ua liaj ua teb sab hauv. Cov no muaj xws li los ntawm low-tech poly-tunnels nrog tsawg ib puag ncig tswj, nruab nrab-tech, ib feem ntawm ib puag ncig tswj tsev cog khoom rau high-tech glasshouses thiab ntsug ua liaj ua teb chaw nrog lub xeev-of-the-art technologies. Kev tiv thaiv qoob loo yog qhov kev loj hlob sai tshaj plaws hauv kev tsim khoom noj khoom haus hauv Australia, hais txog qhov ntsuas ntawm kev tsim khoom thiab kev cuam tshuam nyiaj txiag [12]. Lub Australian tiv thaiv-kev lag luam qoob loo muaj xws li high-tech chaw (17%), glasshouses (20%) thiab hydroponic/substrate-raws li qoob loo-raws li system (52%), qhia hais tias yuav tsum tau thiab lub sij hawm los tsim lub agrifood sector. Hauv kev tshuaj xyuas no, peb tham txog cov xwm txheej ntawm kev tiv thaiv qoob loo hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov thev naus laus zis thiab cov hom phiaj cog qoob loo, piav qhia txog lub sijhawm thiab cov teeb meem uas yuav tsum tau daws los ntawm kev tshawb fawb tsis tu ncua hauv Australia.
2. Cov txuj ci tam sim no thiab cov thev naus laus zis hauv kev tiv thaiv qoob loo
Hauv 2019, tag nrho thaj av tau mob siab rau kev tiv thaiv qoob loo - uas, dav, suav nrog
Cov qoob loo loj hlob nyob rau hauv txhua hom kev npog-tau kwv yees ntawm 5,630,000 hectares (ha) thoob ntiaj teb [14]. Tag nrho thaj tsam ntawm cov zaub thiab tshuaj ntsuab loj hlob hauv tsev cog khoom (cov qauv mus tas li) tau kwv yees kwv yees li 500,000 hectares thoob ntiaj teb, nrog rau 10% ntawm cov qoob loo no cog hauv glasshouses thiab 90% hauv cov tsev cog khoom yas [15,16]. Australia lub tsev cog khoom thaj tsam kwv yees li ntawm 1300 hectares, nrog high-tech greenhouses (nyob ib ncig ntawm 14 tus neeg ua lag luam, txhua tus tuav tsawg dua 5 ha) suav txog 17% ntawm thaj chaw no, thiab cov tsev cog khoom qis / nruab nrab cov tsev cog khoom suav txog 83% [17 ]. Thoob plaws ntiaj teb, cov tsev cog khoom yas thiab cov iav iav tsim nyob ib puag ncig 80% thiab 20%, feem, ntawm tag nrho cov tsev cog khoom tsim [16].
Kev tiv thaiv qoob loo yog qhov ua zaub mov loj tshaj plaws hauv tebchaws Australia, muaj nuj nqis kwv yees li ntawm $ 1.5 nphom toj ib xyoos ntawm lub rooj vag ua liaj ua teb xyoo 2017. Nws kwv yees tias kwv yees li ntawm 30% ntawm tag nrho Australian cov neeg ua liaj ua teb cog qoob loo hauv qee hom kev tiv thaiv qoob loo, thiab tias cov qoob loo loj hlob hauv qab npog suav nrog kwv yees li 20% ntawm tag nrho cov nqi ntawm cov zaub thiab paj ntau lawm [18]. Hauv tebchaws Australia, thaj chaw cog qoob loo cog qoob loo ntau tshaj plaws rau South Australia (580 ha), tom qab ntawd New South Wales (500 ha) thiab Victoria (200 ha), thaum Queensland, Western Australia thiab Tasmania account rau <50 ha txhua [17 ].
Raws li Australian Horticulture Statistics Handbook (2014-2015) thiab kev sib tham nrog kev lag luam, tag nrho cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev tsim khoom (GVP) ntawm cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo, zaub, thiab paj tau kwv yees rau xyoo 2017. Ntawm cov txheej txheem loj hlob, cov qoob loo cog hauv hydroponic / substrate- Raws li cov txheej txheem tsim khoom (52%) tau muaj nuj nqis siab tshaj plaws, ua raws li cov cog qoob loo hauv av fertigation systems (35%), nrog rau kev sib xyaw ntawm cov av fertigation thiab hydroponic / substrate-based systems (11%), thiab siv hydroponics / nutrient Cov txheej txheem ua yeeb yaj kiab (NFT) (2%) (Daim duab 1A). Ib yam li ntawd, ntawm hom kev tiv thaiv, cov qoob loo cog qoob loo hauv cov npog poly / iav (63%) muaj GVP siab tshaj plaws, ua raws li cov qoob loo cog hauv poly npog (23%), lawg / ntxoov ntxoo npog (8%) thiab ua ke poly / hail / ntxoov ntxoo. npog (6%) (Daim duab 1B) [17]. Hauv tebchaws Australia, kev txheeb cais rau GVPs ntawm cov khoom cog qoob loo tshwj xeeb hauv tsev cog khoom tsis yooj yim muaj [15].
Daim duab 1. Tag nrho cov nqi tsim tawm (GVP) ntawm cov qoob loo hauv kev tiv thaiv qoob loo (2017) los ntawm kev loj hlob (A) thiab kev tiv thaiv (B). Hydroponics / substrate-raws li kev tsim khoom suav nrog kev cog qoob loo tsis muaj av siv qhov nruab nrab inert xws li rockwool. Av / fertigate-raws li kev tsim muaj kev loj hlob ntawm cov nroj tsuag siv av nrog fertigation (combined daim ntawv thov ntawm chiv thiab dej). Cov txheej txheem hydroponics / nutrient film technique (NFT) entails circulating ib tug ntiav kwj dej uas muaj cov as-ham yaj uas hla cov hauv paus hniav ntawm cov nroj tsuag nyob rau hauv watertight channels. 'Poly' yog hais txog polycarbonate.
Hail/shade npog, feem ntau ntawm mesh los yog ntaub, tiv thaiv cov qoob loo los ntawm lawg thiab thaiv ib feem ntawm lub teeb ntau dhau. $ yog hais txog AUD.
Ntawm cov chaw tswj hwm-ib puag ncig hauv Tebchaws Meskas, iav lossis polycarbonate (poly) tsev cog khoom (47%) muaj ntau dua li cov chaw ua liaj ua teb sab hauv tsev (30%), cov tsev siv cov yas qis qis (12%), cov thawv ua liaj ua teb (7%) ) thiab sab hauv tsev kab lis kev cai hauv dej tob (4%). Ntawm cov kab ke loj hlob, hydroponics (49%) yog ntau tshaj li av (24%), aquaponic (15%), aeroponic (6%) thiab hybrid (aeroponics, hydroponics, av) systems (6%) [19,20].
Australia muaj tsawg heev tsim tsa ua liaj ua teb ntsug, feem ntau vim tias nws muaj ob peb lub nroog uas muaj neeg nyob. Txawm li cas los xij, Australia muaj thaj tsam li ntawm 1000 hectares tsev cog khoom [16,17] thiab kev xa tawm ntawm cov zaub thiab txiv hmab txiv ntoo tshiab tau nce ntau los ntawm 2006 txog 2016 rau Australia [16] nrog nce hauv qab npog qoob loo. Txawm hais tias Australia tau pib ua haujlwm zoo hauv kev ua liaj ua teb sab hauv tsev thiab kev lag luam muaj peev xwm loj hlob tuaj, nws yuav tsum tau siv sijhawm los ua kom loj hlob thiab txhim kho ntxiv kom dhau los ua tus neeg tseem ceeb hauv ntiaj teb. Tam sim no, cov chaw ua liaj ua teb nyob sab hauv tsev tuaj yeem muab faib ua peb theem ntawm kev nce qib hauv qab no: qis-, nruab nrab- thiab high-tech. Txhua tus tau tham ntau dua hauv cov lus hauv qab no.
2.1. Tshiab Technologies rau Low-Tech Poly-Tunnels
Cov tsev cog khoom qis qis uas ua rau muaj txiaj ntsig zoo tshaj plaws rau kev tiv thaiv qoob loo muaj ntau qhov kev txwv uas yuav tsum muaj kev daws teeb meem thev naus laus zis los pab hauv lawv txoj kev hloov mus rau cov txiaj ntsig nruab nrab lossis cov cuab yeej siv hluav taws xob uas tsim cov qoob loo zoo nrog cov peev txheej tsawg. Tsawg-tech poly-tunnels suav txog 80-90% ntawm cov qoob loo cog qoob loo thoob ntiaj teb [20] thiab hauv Australia [17]. Xav txog qhov loj ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tsawg hauv kev tiv thaiv qoob loo thiab lawv cov theem qis ntawm kev nyab xeeb, fertigation thiab tshuaj tua kab, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb los daws cov teeb meem cuam tshuam txhawm rau txhawm rau nce cov khoom tsim thiab kev lag luam rov qab los rau cov neeg cog qoob loo.
Cov qib qis-tech encompasses ntau hom poly-tunnels uas tuaj yeem muaj los ntawm cov qauv hlau ua haujlwm nrog cov yas npog rau cov qauv tsim ua haujlwm ruaj khov. Feem ntau, lawv tsis raug tswj kom dhau lub peev xwm los nqa cov yas npog thaum nws kub dhau los yog huab cua sab nraud. Cov yas npog no tiv thaiv cov qoob loo los ntawm lawg, nag thiab huab cua txias thiab txuas ntxiv lub caij loj hlob mus rau qee qhov. Cov qauv pheej yig no muaj ib qho
Cov txiaj ntsig rov qab los rau kev nqis peev hauv zaub qoob loo xws li lettuce, taum, txiv lws suav, dib, zaub qhwv thiab zucchini. Ua liaj ua teb nyob rau hauv cov poly-tunnels yog ua nyob rau hauv cov av, whilst ntau tshaj kev ua hauj lwm yuav siv tau loj pots thiab drip-irrigation rau txiv lws suav, blueberries, eggplants los yog peppers. Txawm li cas los xij, thaum tsis muaj kev tiv thaiv kev cog qoob loo ua rau muaj kev nkag siab zoo rau cov neeg cog qoob loo me me, cov tswv yim zoo li no raug kev txom nyem los ntawm ntau qhov tsis txaus. Lawv tsis muaj kev tswj hwm ib puag ncig cuam tshuam rau qhov sib xws ntawm qhov loj thiab qhov zoo ntawm cov khoom thiab yog li txo qis
kev lag luam nkag mus rau cov khoom siv no rau cov neeg siv khoom xav tau xws li cov khw muag khoom loj thiab cov khw noj mov. Muab hais tias cov qoob loo feem ntau cog rau hauv av, cov neeg ua liaj ua teb no tseem ntsib nrog ntau yam kab tsuag thiab kab mob hauv av (xws li, kab mob nematode tsis tu ncua). Kev lag luam thiab kev tshawb fawb cov koom tes xav tau kev tsim kho tshiab hauv kev muab cov kev daws teeb meem thoob plaws cov chaw tsim khoom thiab kev tswj cov qoob loo nrog rau cov kev lag luam ntse kom xa tawm cov khoom lag luam.
thiab tuav ib qho khoom siv tas li. Kev txhawb zog thiab kev txhawb nqa los ntawm cov nyiaj txiag lub cev thiab kev tsim kho thev naus laus zis (xws li, kev tswj hwm kev noj qab haus huv, ib feem ntawm automation hauv irrigation thiab kub tswj) los ntawm cov tsev kawm ntawv qib siab thiab cov tuam txhab tuaj yeem pab cov neeg cog qoob loo hloov mus rau kev siv thev naus laus zis ntau dua.
2.2. Txhim kho Medium-Tech Greenhouses nrog Innovations thiab Tshiab Technologies
Medium-tech tiv thaiv qoob loo yog ib hom dav dav uas muaj kev tswj hwm-ib puag ncig greenhouses thiab glasshouses. Qhov no ntawm kev tiv thaiv-kev cog qoob loo yuav tsum tau hloov kho thev naus laus zis tseem ceeb yog tias nws yuav tsum sib tw nrog cov khoom noj loj loj hauv cov liaj teb uas siv cov khoom siv qis-tech poly-tunnels thiab cov khoom lag luam zoo los ntawm high-tech greenhouses. Kev tswj ib puag ncig hauv nruab nrab-tech tsev cog khoom feem ntau yog ib nrab lossis hnyav thiab qhov kub ntawm qee lub tsev cog khoom tuaj yeem tswj tau los ntawm kev qhib lub ru tsev, thaum
Cov chaw siab tshaj plaws muaj cov cua txias thiab cua sov. Kev siv cov hnub ci vaj huam sib luag thiab cov yeeb yaj kiab ntse tau raug tshawb xyuas los txo cov nqi hluav taws xob thiab cov pa roj carbon hneev taw hauv cov tsev cog khoom nruab nrab-tech [21-23].
Txawm hais tias muaj ntau lub tsev cog khoom tseem ua los ntawm PVC lossis iav cladding, cov yeeb yaj kiab ntse tuaj yeem siv rau cov qauv no lossis tuaj yeem muab tso rau hauv tsev cog khoom tsim kom muaj zog ua haujlwm. Feem ntau, high-end greenhouses siv cov xov xwm loj hlob xws li Rockwool blocks nrog ua tib zoo calibrated kua chiv tau txais ntawm ntau theem kev loj hlob kom loj hlob qoob loo. CO2 fertilization yog qee zaum siv hauv nruab nrab-tech tsev cog khoom los txhawb cov qoob loo thiab zoo. Qhov nruab nrab-tech tiv thaiv qoob loo yuav tau txais txiaj ntsig los ntawm kev lag luam-tsev kawm ntawv kev koom tes los tsim cov kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis, suav nrog cov qoob loo tshiab genotypes uas muaj txiaj ntsig zoo thiab muaj txiaj ntsig zoo, kev tswj hwm kev sib xyaw ua ke, kev tswj hwm kev tswj hwm tus kheej thiab tsev cog khoom huab cua, thiab kev pabcuam neeg hlau hauv kev tswj qoob loo. thiab sau qoob.
2.3. Innovations ntawm Science thiab Technology rau High-Tech Greenhouses
High-tech glasshouses tuaj yeem suav nrog cov thev naus laus zis tshiab tshaj plaws hauv cov qoob loo physiology, fertigation, recycling, thiab teeb pom kev zoo. Hauv kev lag luam loj hauv tsev cog khoom, piv txwv li, 'ntse iav' thev naus laus zis, hnub ci photovoltaic (PV) cov tshuab thiab cov teeb pom kev ntxiv, xws li LED vaj huam sib luag, tuaj yeem siv los txhim kho qoob loo zoo thiab yields. Cov neeg tsim khoom tseem tab tom ua kom muaj qhov tseem ceeb thiab / lossis kev ua haujlwm hnyav xws li kev saib xyuas qoob loo, pollination, thiab sau qoob.
Txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kev txawj ntse txawj ntse (AI) thiab kev kawm tshuab (MI) tau qhib qhov ntev tshiab rau cov tsev cog khoom high-tech [24–28]. AI yog ib txheej txheej ntawm cov kev cai hauv computer-encoded thiab cov qauv statistical cob qhia kom pom cov qauv hauv cov ntaub ntawv loj thiab ua haujlwm feem ntau cuam tshuam nrog tib neeg kev txawj ntse. AI siv hauv kev lees paub cov duab yog siv los saib xyuas cov qoob loo noj qab haus huv thiab paub txog cov tsos mob ntawm tus kab mob, ua rau kev txiav txim siab sai dua, paub zoo dua rau kev tswj qoob loo thiab kev sau qoob loo - uas, niaj hnub no, tuaj yeem ua tiav.
los ntawm neeg hlau caj npab es tsis yog tib neeg kev ua haujlwm. Internet-of-Things (IoT) muaj cov kev daws teeb meem rau automation uas tuaj yeem hloov kho tshwj xeeb rau cov ntawv thov tsev cog khoom [29]. Yog li, AI thiab IoT tuaj yeem ua rau muaj txiaj ntsig zoo hauv thaj tsam ntawm kev ua liaj ua teb niaj hnub no los ntawm kev tswj hwm thiab ua haujlwm ua liaj ua teb automating [30].
Kev tshawb fawb thiab kev loj hlob hauv kev ua liaj ua teb robots tau loj hlob zoo nyob rau hauv kaum xyoo dhau los [31-33]. Ib txoj kev tswj hwm kev sau qoob loo rau cov qoob loo uas ua rau kev lag luam muaj txiaj ntsig tau pom zoo nrog kev sau qoob loo ntawm 76.5% [31] hauv Australia. Cov qauv ntawm cov neeg hlau rau de-leafing txiv lws suav cog, sau capsicum ( tswb peppers) thiab pollinating txiv lws suav qoob loo [34,35] tau tsim nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws Europe thiab cov neeg Ixayees, thiab yuav ua lag luam nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej.
Tsis tas li ntawd, kev tswj xyuas kev ua haujlwm rau cov tsev cog khoom loj-tech high-tech yuav ua kom cov neeg ua haujlwm ua haujlwm tau zoo, txhim kho kev lag luam ntawm cov lag luam. IT thiab engineering kiv puag ncig yuav txuas ntxiv txhawb kev tiv thaiv qoob loo thiab ua liaj ua teb sab hauv tsev, tso cai rau cov neeg cog qoob loo saib xyuas thiab tswj lawv cov qoob loo los ntawm cov khoos phis tawj thiab cov khoom siv txawb, uas tuaj yeem siv los ua kev ua liaj ua teb tseem ceeb thiab
kev txiav txim siab ua lag luam. High-tech greenhouses muaj lub peev xwm siab tshaj plaws los pab rau Australia kev tiv thaiv qoob loo, yog li kev tshawb fawb thiab kev tsim kho tshiab hauv cov chaw no zoo li yuav txhais tau rau lub sijhawm thiab nyiaj txiag zoo.
2.4. Txhim kho Vertical Farms rau yav tom ntej xav tau
Nyob rau hauv xyoo tas los no, kev loj hlob sai hauv tsev 'kev ua liaj ua teb ntsug' thoob plaws ntiaj teb tau pom, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv cov tebchaws uas muaj neeg coob thiab tsis txaus av [36,37]. Kev ua liaj ua teb ntsug sawv cev rau $ 6 nphom hauv tus nqi tab sis tseem yog ib feem me me ntawm ntau lab lab daus las thoob ntiaj teb kev ua liaj ua teb [38]. Muaj ntau yam kev ua liaj ua teb ntsug tab sis tag nrho cov ntawm lawv siv vertically stacked av-tsawg los yog hydroponic loj hlob rhawv nyob rau hauv ib tug tag nrho enclosed thiab tswj ib puag ncig, uas tso cai rau ib tug high degree ntawm automation, tswj thiab sib xws [39]. Txawm li cas los xij, kev ua liaj ua teb ntsug tseem txwv rau cov qoob loo uas muaj txiaj ntsig siab thiab lub neej luv luv vim tias cov nqi hluav taws xob siab txawm tias muab cov khoom lag luam tsis sib xws rau ib square meter thiab cov dej thiab cov khoom noj muaj txiaj ntsig zoo.
Cov txheej txheem thev naus laus zis ntawm kev ua liaj ua teb ntsug - thiab tshwj xeeb, qhov tshwm sim ntawm 'ntse' glasshouses - yuav nyiam cov neeg cog qoob loo xav ua haujlwm nrog cov khoos phis tawj tshiab thiab cov ntaub ntawv loj xws li AI thiab Internet ntawm Yam (IoT) [40]. Tam sim no, txhua hom kev ua liaj ua teb sab hauv tsev yog lub zog- thiab kev siv zog ua haujlwm, txawm hais tias muaj kev vam meej rau kev nce qib hauv ob qho tib si automation thiab kev siv hluav taws xob zoo. Twb tau, cov ntaub ntawv siab tshaj plaws ntawm kev ua liaj ua teb sab hauv tsev muab lawv tus kheej lub zog ntawm qhov chaw thiab tsis muaj kev ywj pheej ntawm daim phiaj siv hluav taws xob dav dav. Cov vaj tsev nyob sab hauv tsev tuaj yeem muaj ntau yam los ntawm cov qauv tsim yooj yim rau saum cov tsev hauv nroog mus rau cov tuam txhab ua lag luam ru tsev ntawm cov tsev hauv nroog hauv New York thiab Paris. Kev ua liaj ua teb ntsug sab hauv tsev muaj lub neej yav tom ntej zoo, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau tom qab ntawm COVID-19 kis thoob qhov txhia chaw thiab muaj qhov chaw zoo los nce nws feem ntawm kev lag luam khoom noj thoob ntiaj teb, vim nws
Cov khoom siv tau zoo heev, txo cov saw hlau thiab cov nqi thauj khoom, muaj peev xwm rau automation (tsawg tuav) thiab yooj yim rau kev ua haujlwm thiab cov neeg siv khoom.
3. Hom qoob loo hauv kev tiv thaiv qoob loo
Tam sim no, cov qoob loo tsim nyog rau kev ua liaj ua teb sab hauv tsev raug txwv vim cov qoob loo txwv rau kev loj hlob sab hauv tsev nrog rau kev tiv thaiv qoob loo xws li cov nqi hluav taws xob siab (rau illumination, cua sov, cua txias thiab khiav ntau yam automated systems) uas tso cai rau cov qoob loo muaj txiaj ntsig tshwj xeeb [ 41–43] ib. Txawm li cas los xij, kev lag luam tsim khoom ntawm ntau hom qoob loo noj tau yog qhov tseem ceeb yog tias kev tiv thaiv qoob loo yuav muaj kev cuam tshuam loj rau
ntiaj teb no zaub mov ruaj ntseg [12,13,44]. Cov qoob loo cog qoob loo rau kev tiv thaiv kev cog qoob loo sib txawv ntawm cov qoob loo qhib uas yog bred rau kev ua siab ntev ntawm ntau yam ntawm ib puag ncig, uas tsis tas yuav tsum tau muaj kev tiv thaiv qoob loo. Txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov cultivars tsim nyog yuav xav tau kev optimization ntawm ntau yam zoo (xws li tus kheej-pollination, indeterminate loj hlob, robust cag) uas txawv ntawm qhov zoo saib raws li.
ntshaw hauv cov qoob loo sab nraum zoov (Daim duab 2) (Siv los ntawm [13]).
Daim duab 2. Cov txiaj ntsig zoo rau cov qoob loo cog qoob loo hauv tsev raws li kev tswj hwm-ib puag ncig cuam tshuam nrog cov qoob loo cog rau sab nraum zoov hauv thaj chaw.
Tam sim no, txiv hmab txiv ntoo thiab zaub zoo tshaj plaws rau kev ua liaj ua teb sab hauv muaj xws li:
• Cov uas loj hlob rau ntawm vines lossis bushes (txiv lws suav, strawberry, raspberry, blueberry, dib, capsicum, grape, kiwifruit);
• Cov qoob loo tshwj xeeb muaj txiaj ntsig zoo (hops, vanilla, saffron, kas fes);
• Cov qoob loo tshuaj thiab tshuaj pleev ib ce (seaweed, Echinacea);
• Cov ntoo me (cherries, chocolate, mango, almonds) yog lwm cov kev xaiv siv tau [13].
Hauv ntu nram qab no, peb tham txog cov qoob loo uas twb muaj lawm tam sim no thiab kev tsim cov qoob loo tshiab rau kev ua liaj ua teb sab hauv tsev kom ntxaws ntxiv.
3.1. Cov qoob loo uas twb muaj lawm hlob nyob rau hauv qis, nruab nrab thiab high-Tech chaw
Tsawg- thiab nruab nrab-thev naus laus zis tiv thaiv-cov qoob loo tsim cov txiv lws suav, dib, zucchini, capsicum, eggplant, lettuce, Asian zaub thiab tshuaj ntsuab. Nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm cheeb tsam, kom muaj nuj nqis ntawm cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo tsim thiab tus naj npawb ntawm cov lag luam, lws suav yog cov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws horticultural zaub qoob loo tsim nyob rau hauv greenhouses, ua raws li capsicum thiab lettuce [15,45].
Hauv tebchaws Australia, txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov chaw tswj hwm-ib puag ncig loj tau txwv feem ntau rau cov tsim rau cov txiv lws suav loj hlob [15]. Kev kwv yees GVP ntawm txiv hmab txiv ntoo, zaub thiab paj rau xyoo 2017, hauv thaj teb thiab hauv cov chaw tiv thaiv qoob loo, qhia txog kev tswj hwm ntawm txiv lws suav hauv Australian kev tiv thaiv qoob loo.
Zuag qhia tag nrho kwv yees GVP rau 2017 hais txog kev ua liaj ua teb thiab cov qoob loo cog qoob loo ntau tshaj plaws rau txiv lws suav (24%), tom qab ntawd strawberry (17%), txiv hmab txiv ntoo lub caij ntuj sov (13%), paj (9%), blueberry (7%), dib (7%) thiab capsicum (6%), nrog rau Asian zaub, tshuaj ntsuab, eggplant, cherry thiab berries txhua accounting rau tsawg tshaj li 6% (Daim duab 3A).
Daim duab 3. Kwv yees tus nqi tag nrho ntawm kev tsim khoom (GVP) rau tag nrho cov teb ua ke thiab kev tiv thaiv qoob loo cog qoob loo (A) thiab imputed GVP cov qoob loo cog qoob loo hauv kev tiv thaiv qoob loo xyoo 2017 (B) rau Australia.
Ntawm cov no, GVP cov qoob loo cog hauv kev tiv thaiv-cov qoob loo yog siab tshaj plaws rau txiv lws suav (40%), uas coj los ntawm cov paj tseem ceeb txheeb ze rau lwm cov qoob loo suav nrog paj (11%), strawberry (10%), txiv hmab txiv ntoo lub caij ntuj sov (8%). ) thiab cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo (8%), nrog rau txhua qhov ntawm cov qoob loo uas tseem tshuav tsawg dua 5% (Daim duab 3B). Txawm li cas los xij, Australian kev lag luam hauv tsev tau saturated los ntawm tsev cog qoob loo txiv lws suav, uas tawm hauv kev tiv thaiv qoob loo.
nrog ob txoj kev xaiv hauv qab no: nce kev muag khoom ntawm cov qoob loo no hauv kev lag luam thoob ntiaj teb; thiab/lossis txhawb qee lub teb chaws cov tsev cog qoob loo uas twb muaj lawm kom hloov mus rau lwm cov qoob loo uas muaj nqi siab. Qhov feem ntawm cov qoob loo cog qoob loo nyob rau hauv kev tiv thaiv yog siab tshaj plaws rau berries (85%) thiab txiv lws suav (80%), ua raws li paj (60%), dib (50%), cherry thiab Asian zaub (txhua 40%), strawberry thiab lub caij ntuj sov.
txiv hmab txiv ntoo (txhua 30%), blueberry thiab tshuaj ntsuab (txhua 25%), thiab thaum kawg, capsicum thiab eggplant, ntawm 20% txhua [17]. Tam sim no, lub zog- thiab kev ua haujlwm hauv tsev ua liaj ua teb raug txwv rau cov qoob loo uas muaj txiaj ntsig zoo uas tuaj yeem tsim tau nyob rau lub sijhawm luv nrog lub zog qis [46,47]
Nyob rau hauv cov nroj tsuag 'factories', cov qoob loo loj hlob tam sim no yog nplooj ntsuab thiab tshuaj ntsuab, vim tias cov qoob loo no lub sij hawm luv luv (vim cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo thiab cov noob tsis tas yuav tsum tau) thiab tus nqi siab [7], qhov tseeb tias cov qoob loo no yuav tsum muaj teeb pom kev zoo. rau photosynthesis [48] thiab vim tias feem ntau ntawm cov nroj tsuag biomass tsim tau tuaj yeem sau tau [46,49]. Muaj peev xwm txhim kho cov qoob loo thiab cov qoob loo zoo hauv nroog ua liaj ua teb [12].
3.2. Kev Tshawb Fawb Kev Lag Luam: Cov Neeg Koom Tes Li Cas Li Dab Tsi?
Kev txheeb xyuas cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm kev tshawb fawb yog qhov tseem ceeb los txhim kho cov txiaj ntsig ntawm pej xeem thiab ntiag tug kev tshawb fawb nyiaj txiag rau yav tom ntej ntawm kev tiv thaiv qoob loo. Piv txwv li, Future Food Systems Co-operative Research Center (FFSCRC), pib los ntawm New South Wales Farmers Association (NSW Farmers), University of New South Wales (UNSW) thiab Food Innovation Australia Ltd. (FIAL), muaj cov koom haum. ntawm ntau tshaj 60 founding
kev lag luam, tsoom fwv thiab kev tshawb fawb koom. Nws cov kev tshawb fawb thiab kev muaj peev xwm tsom mus txhawb cov neeg koom hauv kev ua kom zoo ntawm cov khoom noj khoom haus hauv cheeb tsam thiab peri-nroog nroog, noj cov khoom tshiab los ntawm cov qauv mus rau kev ua lag luam thiab siv cov khoom lag luam tiv thaiv sai, pov thawj los ntawm kev ua liaj ua teb rau cov neeg siv khoom. Txog qhov kawg, FFSRC muab kev sib koom tes tshawb fawb ib puag ncig txhawm rau txhim kho kev tiv thaiv qoob loo txhawm rau txhawb peb lub peev xwm xa tawm cov khoom lag luam zoo tshaj plaws thiab pab Australia ua tus thawj coj hauv kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis rau kev tiv thaiv qoob loo.
Cov neeg koom tau tshawb fawb los txheeb xyuas cov hom qoob loo rau kev ua liaj ua teb sab hauv. Ntawm cov neeg tuaj koom uas tau txheeb xyuas cov hom qoob loo, kev txaus siab rau cov zaub tshiab (29%) yog qhov loj tshaj, tom qab los ntawm kev txaus siab rau cov qoob loo txiv hmab txiv ntoo (22%); tshuaj kho mob cannabis, lwm yam tshuaj ntsuab thiab cov qoob loo tshwj xeeb (13%); haiv neeg / haiv neeg (10%); nceb / fungi (10%); thiab nplooj ntsuab (3%) (Daim duab 4).
Daim duab 4. Kev faib tawm ntawm cov qoob loo tsim tawm tam sim no los ntawm FFSCRC cov neeg koom nrog hauv cov chaw tiv thaiv qoob loo thiab yog li, cov neeg tuaj koom yuav txaus siab nrhiav kev daws teeb meem rau kev cog qoob loo no kom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo hauv qab npog.
Daim ntawv ntsuam xyuas yog raws li cov ntaub ntawv hais txog cov neeg koom nrog hauv online; kom tau txais cov ntaub ntawv ntxaws ntxiv yuav yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev nkag siab thiab ua tau raws li cov kev cai tshwj xeeb ntawm cov neeg koom.
3.3. Kev yug me nyuam tshiab Cultivars rau Controlled-Environment Facilities
Kev yug me nyuam technologies muaj rau kev txhim kho cov zaub thiab lwm cov qoob loo cog qoob loo tau nce sai heev [50]. Hauv kev tiv thaiv qoob loo, kev lag luam muaj zog nrog kev hloov pauv sai hauv kev lag luam thiab kev nyiam ntawm cov neeg siv khoom, xaiv cov qoob loo zoo yog qhov tseem ceeb [44,51]. Muaj ntau qhov kev tshawb fawb uas ntsuas kev hloov pauv cov qoob loo muaj txiaj ntsig zoo xws li txiv lws suav thiab eggplant rau tsev cog khoom [52,53]. Cov cuab yeej tshiab yug me nyuam [50] tau pab txhawb txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov qoob loo tshiab nrog cov yam ntxwv uas xav tau, thiab qee lub tuam txhab tau pib tsim cov nroj tsuag rau kev loj hlob nyob rau hauv kev tswj ib puag ncig nyob rau hauv LED teeb [20]. Txawm li cas los xij, cultivars tau bred feem ntau los ua kom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej ntawm thaj chaw sib txawv heev [46]. Cov qoob loo zoo xws li kev ua siab ntev rau drought, cua sov thiab Frost - uas yog qhov xav tau hauv cov qoob loo cog qoob loo tab sis feem ntau nqa cov txiaj ntsig zoo - feem ntau tsis xav tau hauv
Kev ua liaj ua teb sab hauv tsev.
Cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb uas tuaj yeem raug tsom rau kev hloov kho cov qoob loo muaj txiaj ntsig ntau dua rau kev ua liaj ua teb hauv tsev muaj xws li lub neej luv luv, kev tawg paj tsis tu ncua, qis hauv paus-rau-shoot piv, txhim kho kev ua tau zoo nyob rau hauv qis photosynthetic-zog cov tswv yim, thiab cov neeg siv khoom zoo xws li saj, xim, kev ntxhib los mos thiab cov ntsiab lus tshwj xeeb [12,13]. Tsis tas li ntawd, kev yug me nyuam tshwj xeeb rau kev ua tau zoo dua yuav tsim cov khoom tsim nyog nrog kev ua lag luam siab. Lub teeb spectrum, kub, av noo thiab khoom noj khoom haus tuaj yeem tswj hwm kom hloov pauv cov khoom sib xyaw ntawm cov hom phiaj hauv nplooj thiab txiv hmab txiv ntoo [54,55] thiab nce cov khoom noj muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm cov qoob loo, suav nrog cov protein (ntau thiab zoo), cov vitamins A, C. thiab E, carotenoids, flavonoids, minerals, glycosides thiab anthocyanins [12]. Piv txwv li, ib txwm muaj kev hloov pauv (hauv grapevine) thiab kho cov noob (hauv kiwifruit) tau siv los hloov cov nroj tsuag architecture, uas yuav muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev loj hlob hauv tsev hauv qhov chaw txwv. Hauv kev tshawb fawb tsis ntev los no, cov txiv lws suav thiab cov ntoo cherry tau tsim kho siv CRISPR-Cas9 los ua ke cov nram qab no peb yam zoo: ib tug dwarf phenotype, ib tug compact loj hlob cwj pwm thiab precocious flowering. Qhov tsim nyog ntawm cov txiaj ntsig 'edited' ntau yam txiv lws suav rau kev siv hauv tsev ua liaj ua teb hauv tsev tau raug lees paub siv teb thiab kev lag luam ntsug-ua liaj ua teb sim [56].
Kev tshuaj xyuas ntawm molecular yug me nyuam los tsim cov qoob loo zoo tau sib tham txog tus nqi ntxiv ntawm cov khoom ua liaj ua teb los ntawm kev tsim cov qoob loo ua liaj ua teb nrog cov txiaj ntsig kev noj qab haus huv thiab ua cov tshuaj noj [46]. Txoj hauv kev tseem ceeb los txhim kho cov qoob loo ua liaj ua teb nrog cov txiaj ntsig kev noj qab haus huv tau txheeb xyuas raws li kev sib sau ntau ntawm cov khoom noj khoom haus uas xav tau lossis txo qis hauv cov khoom tsis zoo, thiab kev sib sau ntawm cov khoom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo.
tsis yog ib txwm tsim nyob rau hauv cov qoob loo.
4. Cov kev sib tw thiab cov cib fim hauv kev tiv thaiv qoob loo thiab ua liaj ua teb sab hauv
Kev tiv thaiv zoo tshaj-cov qoob loo thiab cov chaw ua liaj ua teb sab hauv tsev muaj qhov cuam tshuam me me. Thaum cog qoob loo hauv qab npog yog ntau lub zog siv ntau dua li ntau lwm txoj kev ua liaj ua teb, lub peev xwm los txo cov kev cuam tshuam ntawm huab cua, xyuas kom meej traceability thiab loj hlob zoo-zoo zaub mov txhawb kev xa khoom zoo ib yam, nyiam cov khoom xa rov qab uas nyob deb tshaj cov nqi tsim khoom ntxiv. [18]. Cov teeb meem tseem ceeb hauv kev tiv thaiv qoob loo muaj xws li:
• Cov nqi peev siab, vim cov nqi av siab nyob rau sab hauv nroog thiab cheeb tsam hauv nroog;
• Kev siv hluav taws xob ntau;
• Kev thov rau cov neeg ua haujlwm txawj;
• Kev tswj kab mob yam tsis muaj tshuaj lom neeg tswj; thiab
• Kev txhim kho cov khoom noj muaj txiaj ntsig zoo - txhawm rau txheeb xyuas thiab lees paub qhov zoo ntawm cov khoom lag luam - rau cov qoob loo cog hauv tsev.
Hauv seem hauv qab no, peb tham txog qee qhov kev cov nyom thiab cov hauv kev cuam tshuam nrog kev tiv thaiv qoob loo.
4.1. Cov xwm txheej zoo rau kev tsim khoom siab thiab siv tau zoo
Kev nkag siab ntau dua ntawm cov qoob loo uas yuav tsum tau muaj nyob rau theem kev loj hlob sib txawv thiab nyob rau hauv ntau lub teeb pom kev zoo yog qhov tseem ceeb yog tias cov neeg cog qoob loo yuav tsum tswj hwm cov qoob loo zoo hauv cov cheeb tsam tswj. Kev tswj hwm zoo ntawm lub tsev cog khoom ib puag ncig, suav nrog nws cov huab cua thiab cov khoom noj khoom haus, thiab cov qauv zoo li cov neeg kho tshuab, tuaj yeem ua rau cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo zoo thiab cov txiaj ntsig zoo [57]. Kev loj hlob ib puag ncig yam tuaj yeem cuam tshuam cov nroj tsuag kev loj hlob, evapotranspiration tus nqi thiab physiological cycles. Ntawm cov xwm txheej huab cua, hnub ci hluav taws xob yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws vim tias photosynthesis xav tau lub teeb, thiab cov qoob loo cov qoob loo yog ncaj qha proportional rau hnub ci theem mus txog lub teeb saturation rau photosynthesis. Feem ntau, kev tswj hwm ib puag ncig meej yuav tsum tau siv hluav taws xob siab, txo cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev tswj-ib puag ncig kev ua liaj ua teb. Lub zog xav tau rau lub tsev cog khoom cua sov thiab cua txias tseem yog ib qho kev txhawj xeeb loj thiab lub hom phiaj rau cov neeg nrhiav kom txo cov nqi hluav taws xob [6]. Glazing cov ntaub ntawv thiab cov txheej txheem iav tshiab xws li Ntse iav [58] muab cov cib fim zoo rau kev txo tus nqi cuam tshuam nrog kev tswj hwm tsev cog khoom kub thiab tswj kev hloov pauv ib puag ncig. Niaj hnub no, cov iav thev naus laus zis tshiab thiab cov tshuab ua kom txias zoo tau muab tso rau hauv kev tiv thaiv qoob loo hauv cov tsev iav. Cov khoom siv glazing muaj peev xwm txo tau
kev siv hluav taws xob, los ntawm kev nqus cov hluav taws xob ntau dhau hnub ci thiab hloov pauv lub teeb lub zog los tsim hluav taws xob siv cov cell photovoltaic [59,60].
Txawm li cas los xij, cov ntaub ntawv npog cuam tshuam rau lub tsev cog khoom microclimates [61,62] nrog rau lub teeb [63] thiab yog li ntawd nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau kev ntsuam xyuas qhov cuam tshuam ntawm cov khoom siv glazing tshiab ntawm cov nroj tsuag kev loj hlob thiab kev loj hlob ntawm lub cev, kev siv cov peev txheej, cov qoob loo yield thiab zoo nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig uas cuam tshuam. xws li CO2, qhov kub thiab txias, khoom noj khoom haus thiab dej yog tswj nruj heev. Piv txwv li, semi-pob tshab Organic Photovoltaics (OPVs) raws li kev sib xyaw ntawm regioregular poly (3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT), thiab phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) tau sim los cog cov kua txob cog (Capsicum annuum). Nyob rau hauv qhov ntxoov ntxoo ntawm OPVs, cov kua txob cov nroj tsuag tsim 20.2% ntau txiv hmab txiv ntoo loj thiab ntxoov ntxoo cov nroj tsuag yog 21.8% siab nyob rau thaum xaus ntawm lub caij cog qoob loo [64]. Hauv lwm txoj kev tshawb fawb, qhov txo qis hauv PAR tshwm sim los ntawm kev hloov pauv photovoltaic panels ntawm lub ru tsev tsis cuam tshuam rau cov qoob loo, cog morphology, pes tsawg paj ntawm ib ceg, txiv hmab txiv ntoo xim, firmness thiab pH [65].
Ib qho ultra-low-reflective 'ntse iav' zaj duab xis, Hnub Ci Gard™ ULR-80 [58], tam sim no raug sim hauv glasshouse ntau lawm. Lub hom phiaj yog kom paub txog lub peev xwm ntawm cov khoom siv glazing nrog kho lub teeb xa tawm thiab txo cov nqi hluav taws xob siab cuam tshuam nrog kev ua haujlwm hauv high-tech tsev cog khoom vaj tsev cog khoom. Cov iav ntse (SG) zaj duab xis tau raug siv rau cov iav txheej txheem ntawm ib tus neeg lub tsev iav hauv cov chaw cog qoob loo cog qoob loo siv kev lag luam ntsug-loj hlob thiab kev tswj hwm [66,67]. Eggplant sim nyob rau hauv SG pom tau hais tias muaj zog dua thiab fertigation efficiency [42], tab sis kuj txo eggplant tawm los, vim siab npaum paj thiab/los yog txiv hmab txiv ntoo rho tawm raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm lub teeb-tso photosynthesis [58]. SG zaj duab xis siv yuav xav tau kev hloov kho los tsim kom pom lub teeb pom kev zoo thiab txo qis kev txwv lub teeb rau cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo uas muaj roj carbon ntau xws li eggplant.
Kev siv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob txuag hluav taws xob tshiab xws li cov iav ntse muab lub sijhawm zoo los txo cov nqi hluav taws xob ntawm kev ua haujlwm iav thiab ua kom zoo dua lub teeb rau kev cog qoob loo ntawm lub hom phiaj. Ntse npog zaj duab xis xws li luminescent-light emitting ua liaj ua teb zaj duab xis (LLEAF) muaj peev xwm txhim khu ntxiv nrog rau kev tswj hwm kev loj hlob thiab kev loj hlob ntawm cov me nyuam hauv nruab nrab-tech tiv thaiv qoob loo. LLEAF
Cov vaj huam sib luag tuaj yeem raug sim ntawm ntau yam paj thiab cov qoob loo tsis paj los txiav txim siab seb lawv puas pab txhawb kev loj hlob thiab kev loj hlob (los ntawm kev hloov cov txheej txheem physiological uas underpin cog kev loj hlob thiab qoob loo tsim tau thiab zoo).
4.2. Pest and Disease Management
Txawm hais tias cov chaw tswj kev tiv thaiv-cov qoob loo tuaj yeem txo cov kab tsuag thiab kab mob, ib zaug qhia, lawv nyuaj heev thiab raug nqi los tswj yam tsis tau siv cov tshuaj lom neeg hluavtaws. Kev ua liaj ua teb sab hauv tsev tso cai rau kev saib xyuas cov qoob loo kom ze rau cov cim ntawm kab tsuag lossis kab mob, manually thiab / lossis txiav (siv cov thev naus laus zis) thiab siv cov thev naus laus zis tshiab thiab / lossis cov txheej txheem kev paub txog tej thaj chaw deb yuav pab txhawb.
kev tshawb pom ntxov ntawm kev tawm tsam thiab tshem tawm cov kab mob thiab / lossis kab mob nroj tsuag [7].
Novel integrated Pest Management (IPM) txoj kev [68] yuav tsum muaj rau kev tswj kom zoo ntawm cov kab tsuag hauv tsev cog khoom. Cov tswv yim tswj kom tsim nyog (kev coj noj coj ua, lub cev, kev siv tshuab, tshuaj lom neeg thiab tshuaj lom neeg), nrog rau cov kev coj noj coj ua zoo, cov txheej txheem kev soj ntsuam siab thiab kev txheeb xyuas meej tuaj yeem txhim kho cov zaub cog thaum txo qis kev cia siab rau kev siv tshuaj tua kab. Ib qho kev sib koom ua ke rau kev tswj hwm kab mob suav nrog kev siv cov qoob loo tiv taus, kev huv huv, kev coj noj coj ua zoo thiab kev siv tshuaj tua kab tsim nyog [44]. Kev txhim kho cov tswv yim tshiab IPM tuaj yeem txo cov nqi zog thiab qhov xav tau siv tshuaj tua kab. Noj, piv txwv li, kev siv cov tshiab, coj mus muag reared, ib txwm muaj txiaj ntsig kab (piv txwv li, aphid midge, ntsuab lacewing, thiab lwm yam) los tswj cov kab tsuag qoob loo thiab txo kev cia siab ntawm kev tswj tshuaj. Kev sim ntau yam tshiab IPM
Cov tswv yim, nyob rau hauv kev sib cais thiab sib xyaw ua ke, yuav pab tsim cov qoob loo- thiab cov lus pom zoo rau cov neeg cog qoob loo.
4.3. Cov qoob loo zoo thiab khoom noj muaj txiaj ntsig
Kev tiv thaiv qoob loo muab cov neeg cog qoob loo thiab cov koom tes hauv kev lag luam nrog cov txiaj ntsig zoo thiab cov khoom lag luam zoo thoob plaws ib xyoos [69]. Kev loj hlob txiv hmab txiv ntoo thiab zaub, txawm li cas los xij, yuav tsum muaj kev ntsuas siab ntawm kev noj zaub mov zoo thiab tsis zoo [70]. Cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo tsis zoo muaj xws li cov ntsiab lus noo noo, pH, tag nrho cov khoom soluble, tshauv, txiv hmab txiv ntoo xim, ascorbic acid thiab titratable acidity, thiab cov khoom noj muaj txiaj ntsig zoo nrog rau cov suab thaj, rog, protein, vitamins thiab antioxidants; Kev ntsuas kev ruaj khov thiab dej poob kuj tseem ceeb heev rau kev txheeb xyuas qhov ntsuas qhov zoo [66]. Tsis tas li ntawd, kev soj ntsuam zoo tshaj plaws ntawm cov qoob loo tuaj yeem muab tso rau hauv ib qho kev ua haujlwm hauv tsev cog khoom automated. Kev tshuaj xyuas cov noob qoob loo uas muaj rau qhov tsis zoo yuav muab cov txiaj ntsig tshiab, muaj txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo thiab zaub rau cov neeg cog qoob loo thiab cov neeg siv khoom. Cov tswv yim agronomic nrog rau kev loj hlob ib puag ncig thiab kev tswj cov qoob loo yuav tsum tau ua kom zoo dua los txhim kho kev tsim khoom thiab cog cov khoom noj ntom ntom ntawm cov qoob loo muaj txiaj ntsig zoo.
4.4. Kev Ua Haujlwm thiab Kev Txawj Ua Haujlwm Muaj
Cov kev cai ua haujlwm rau kev tiv thaiv kev lag luam qoob loo tau nthuav dav (> 5% toj ib xyoos) thiab kwv yees tias ntau tshaj 10,000 tus neeg thoob plaws tebchaws Australia tam sim no ua haujlwm ncaj qha los ntawm kev lag luam. Txawm hais tias nws cov qib siab ntawm automation, loj-loj tiv thaiv qoob loo yuav tsum muaj kev ua haujlwm tseem ceeb, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau kev tsim qoob loo, kev tu qoob loo, tshuab pollination thiab sau qoob loo. Nrog rau kev thov nce ntxiv
rau cov neeg cog qoob loo uas muaj kev txawj ntse, cov khoom siv ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm txawj ntse tseem tsawg [18,71]. Cov neeg ua haujlwm txawj ntse tseem yuav xav tau rau kev txhim kho hauv nroog ntsug kev ua liaj ua teb, uas yuav tsim cov haujlwm tshiab rau cov kws tshaj lij, cov thawj tswj haujlwm, cov neeg ua haujlwm tu thiab cov neeg ua haujlwm muag khoom thiab muag khoom [7]. Tsim kom muaj ntau lub hom phiaj kev lag luam qib siab cov chaw yuav muab lub sijhawm los daws cov lus nug tshawb fawb, yog li txuas ntxiv lub hom phiaj ntawm kev ua kom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo tshaj plaws hauv ntau hom qoob loo thaum muab kev kawm thiab kev cob qhia cov txuj ci uas yuav muaj kev xav tau siab rau yav tom ntej kev tiv thaiv-kev cog qoob loo.
5. Cov lus xaus
Hauv cov tsev cog khoom siv high-tech nrog cov cuab yeej ntse, muaj peev xwm txhim kho cov txiaj ntsig tau zoo los ntawm kev siv cov chaw tseem ceeb thiab / lossis kev ua haujlwm hnyav xws li kev saib xyuas qoob loo, pollination, thiab sau qoob. Kev txhim kho ntawm AI, neeg hlau thiab ML tab tom qhib qhov tshiab rau kev tiv thaiv qoob loo. Vertical farms ua ib feem me me ntawm lub ntiaj teb kev lag luam kev ua liaj ua teb thiab, txawm hais tias muaj zog siv zog, kev ua liaj ua teb ntsug muaj qhov tsis sib xws nrog cov dej thiab cov khoom noj muaj txiaj ntsig zoo. Kev lag luam kev lag luam ntawm ntau hom qoob loo yog qhov tseem ceeb yog tias kev tiv thaiv qoob loo yog ua kom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev ruaj ntseg khoom noj hauv ntiaj teb. Tsawg- thiab nruab nrab-thev naus laus zis tiv thaiv cov qoob loo tsim cov txiv lws suav, dib, zucchini, capsicum, eggplant thiab lettuce qoob loo, nrog rau Asian zaub thiab tshuaj ntsuab.
Txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov chaw tswj-ib puag ncig loj hauv Australia tau txwv feem ntau rau cov txiv lws suav loj hlob. Kev tsim cov cultivars tsim nyog yuav xav tau kev ua kom zoo dua ob peb yam tseem ceeb uas txawv ntawm cov uas xav tau hauv cov qoob loo sab nraum zoov. Cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb uas tuaj yeem tsom mus rau kev ua liaj ua teb sab hauv tsev suav nrog kev txo cov qoob loo lub neej voj voog, kev tawg paj tsis tu ncua, qis hauv paus-rau-tua piv, nce kev ua tau zoo nyob rau hauv qis photosynthetic.
lub zog tawm tswv yim, thiab cov neeg siv khoom zoo, xws li saj, xim, kev ntxhib los mos thiab cov ntsiab lus tshwj xeeb.
Tsis tas li ntawd, kev yug me nyuam tshwj xeeb rau kev ua tau zoo dua, cov qoob loo noj zaub mov zoo yuav tsim cov khoom lag luam uas xav tau (thiab muaj peev xwm, tshuaj) cov khoom lag luam zoo heev. Cov txiaj ntsig tau zoo thiab kev ruaj khov ntawm kev tiv thaiv qoob loo yog nyob ntawm kev tsim cov kev daws teeb meem rau cov teeb meem tseem ceeb suav nrog cov nqi pib, kev siv hluav taws xob, kev ua haujlwm txawj, kev tswj kab tsuag thiab kev txhim kho zoo-index.
Novel glazing cov ntaub ntawv thiab thev naus laus zis kev nce qib tam sim no tab tom tshawb fawb lossis sim muab cov kev daws teeb meem los daws ib qho kev nyuaj tshaj plaws tiv thaiv-kev cog qoob loo. Cov kev nce qib no tuaj yeem, muaj peev xwm, muab kev txhawb nqa tsim nyog los pab cov kev tiv thaiv qoob loo hloov pauv mus rau qhov muaj txiaj ntsig zoo thiab muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm kev siv hluav taws xob thiab ua kom tiav cov kev xav tau loj hlob rau kev ruaj ntseg zaub mov, thaum tswj cov qoob loo zoo thiab khoom noj khoom haus.
cov ntsiab lus, thiab txo qis kev puas tsuaj ib puag ncig.
Sau Kev Koom Tes: SGC tau sau qhov kev tshuaj xyuas nrog kev tawm tswv yim thiab kho dua los ntawm DTT, Z.-HC, OG thiab CIC Txhua tus kws sau ntawv tau nyeem thiab pom zoo rau cov ntawv luam tawm ntawm cov ntawv sau.
Nyiaj: Kev tshuaj xyuas yog raws li daim ntawv tshaj tawm uas tau tshaj tawm thiab tau txais nyiaj los ntawm Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv Yav Tom Ntej, uas txhawb nqa kev lag luam-coj kev koom tes ntawm kev lag luam, cov kws tshawb fawb, thiab cov zej zog. Peb kuj tau txais kev pab nyiaj txiag los ntawm Horticulture Innovation Australia tej yaam num (Grant tooj VG16070 rau DTT, Z.-HC, OG, CIC; Grant tooj VG17003 rau DTT, Z.-HC; Grant tooj LP18000 rau Z.-HC) thiab CRC project P2 -013 (DTT, Z.-HC, OG, CIC).
Institutional Review Board Statement: Tsis siv.
Cov Lus Qhia Txog Kev Pom Zoo: Tsis siv.
Cov ntaub ntawv muaj nyob: Tsis siv.
Teeb meem ntawm kev txaus siab: Cov sau phau ntawv tshaj tawm tsis muaj teebmeem dabtsi.
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